Over the course of almost 300 years from its discovery to its independence, Argentina gained worldwide recognition and became one of the Latin American economic powers of the time. However, most of the geography of the Americas was still unknown, and many navigators sought a passage to the East Indies rather than exploring the Americas. In the Argentinian Constitution of 1853 . Buenos Aires began to trade directly with European nations, being the first Argentine city to open the transatlantic trade open with the Old Continent. By 1880, the borders of Argentina were relatively the same as they are today. On January 3, 1807, the British returned with 15,000 men and attacked Montevideo in a joint naval and military action. It begins in the Precolumbian age of the indigenous peoples of Argentina, with the arrival of the first Spanish conqueror. Just above its confluence with the Alto Paran, the Iguaz River plunges over the escarpment of the Brazilian massif, creating Iguaz Fallsone of the worlds most spectacular natural attractions. b. his favoritism to the Portuguese courtiers in his court. 20 Questions Show answers. Great European immigration wave to Argentina, 500th anniversary of the discovery of America, https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/02/24/opinion/1487960027_33325, "El estereotipo "gallego", un invento bien piola y argentino", "Argentina, en el mundo: Macri muestra en Espaa un proyecto serio para la recuperacin de su pas", "90.01.06: South American Immigration: Argentina", "Cules son los 200 apellidos ms populares en la Argentina", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Argentines&oldid=1134279135, Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 20 million descendants (including those of mixed or partial Spanish descent), This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 21:59. By carving the new viceroyalty from lands formerly part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, Spain intended to put its east-coast dominions in a better defensive position. However, in 1776 the Spanish Crown recognized the importance of Argentina with the establishment of a viceroyalty in Rio de la Plata, which gave more power to the region within less than half a century of its total independence. Ch_04.doc. These resulted in the political destabilization of the viceroyalty of La Plata and the eventual independence of Argentina. Thus, colonial Argentina was off to a very bad start. Small, sporadic battles happened along the border until December 1824, when the Army of the Andes finally crushed the Royalists at the Battle of Ayacucho and ended the threat to Argentinian and Chilean independence once and for all. Taken from wikipedia.org, Manuel Belgrano, (n.d.), February 25, 2018. Its designation as Mesopotamia (Greek: Between the Rivers) reflects the fact that its western and eastern borders are two of the regions major rivers, the Paran and the Uruguay. With most of the line troops deployed in the north to deal with an indigenous revolt led by Tpac Amaru II, Buenos Aires was poorly defended. In 1806, Spain and its colonies were under the control of the French Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte. In the 1990s, Spanish companies like Repsol and Telefonica invested in South America, often buying privatized companies. Spain provided 31.4% (Italy 44.9%) of all immigrants in that period. 2.000.000: Argentina. The northeastern part, Misiones province, between the Alto (Upper) Paran and Uruguay rivers, is higher in elevation than the rest of Mesopotamia, but there are several small hills in the southern part. The country is bounded by Chile to the south and west, Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, and Brazil, Uruguay, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. It drains an area of some 1.2 million square miles (3.2 million square km), which includes northern Argentina, the whole of Paraguay, eastern Bolivia, most of Uruguay, and a large part of Brazil. Italian is the largest ethnic origin of modern Argentines, after the Spanish immigration during the colonial population. We use cookies to provide our online service. In the southern Pampas the landscape rises gradually to meet the foothills of sierras formed from old sediments and crystalline rocks. The sailor Francisco del Puerto, part of Sols' voyage, was spared by the Charruas because of his young age, and stayed on the Americas for some years. The Inca Empire: How 200 Conquistadors Brought It Down. Interestingly, the Portuguese had been the first Europeans to set foot on albiceleste land, through the explorer Gonalo Coelho in the company of Amerigo Vespucci, in 1502. The era of colonial Argentina from the early 16th century to the early 18th century forms a significant part of Argentina's history, intrinsically linked to the formation and conduct of the modern country, as does the early 19th-century struggle for independence. The Spanish colonization spread a total area of 20 million km2. Spanish Colonization Exploration. The successes of the church were a product of government efforts that sought the support of church elites in the consolidation of power. Spanish Discovery & the Beginnings of Colonial Argentina Only three of the regions numerous riversthe Pilcomayo, Bermejo, and Saladomanage to flow from the Andes to the Paraguay-Paran system in the east without evaporating en route and forming salt pans (salinas). The first Spaniard to land in Argentina, Juan de Solis, was killed in 1516, and several attempts to found Buenos Aires were stymied by the local inhabitants. In addition, the presence of the Incas had been put under control by the Spaniards prior to the conquest of Argentina, since the dominion of Peru had already been established. On April 5, 1818, the Royalists suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Maip, effectively ending all serious threats from the Viceroyalty of Peru. However, as the city regained its function as an intermediary between the nation and foreign governments, it regained its prominence. In 1811, the Spanish Royalists suffered setbacks too, suffering defeat at Las Piedras, being defeated by the Uruguayan Revolutionaries. The first indigenous groups that opposed the Spanish explorers were the Charras, a tribe native to the area that includes the border of Argentina and Uruguay. Meanwhile, prospective and all-round cooperation also experienced periods of acute disagreement. Attempts at cultural cooperation face a number of obstacles, the most significant of which are two. In 1815, the Argentines tried to press their advantage and, without proper preparation, launched an offensive against the Spanish-held north. The Argentine stereotype about gallegos is that they are dull, stubborn and stingy.[1]. How did colonization impact Argentina? This was due to the small amount of inhabitants that were in the vast expanse of land. He comes from South Africa and holds a BA from the University of Cape Town. The root cause of the trouble, the power struggle between Buenos Aires and the rest of the country, was not settled until 1880, and even after that it continued to cause dissatisfaction. It covers the entire period from the establishment of the first homes by Europeans in the country until its independence in 1816. By 1598, Juan de Oate, the first Spanish governor of New Mexico, and his entourage of Spanish settlers traveled the . It was perhaps a legacy of this successful resistance that enabled the native peoples of Argentina to carry on a prolonged campaign against colonization and rule by the Spanish. Garay was one of the main emissaries of the Spanish Crown in the viceroyalty of Peru, being governor of what is now Paraguay. The chief threat came from Brazil, which was growing rapidly in population, wealth, and military potential. During the pre-Columbian period, the land that today is known as Argentina had a small number of inhabitants. History of Argentina: A Captivating Guide to Argentine History, Starting from the Pre-Columbian Period Through the Inca Empire and Spanish Colonization to the Present (South American Countries) Captivating History 104 Paperback 10 offers from $13.34 In Patagonia (Penguin Classics) Bruce Chatwin 798 Paperback #1 Best Seller in Argentinian History The regions southern border is the upper Colorado River. Taken from wikipedia.org, Pedro de Mendoza, (n.d.), March 9, 2018. Quiz, Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz. In the mid-19th century, Argentina and Chile, both newly independent, began to push south in a more concerted effort to take control of Patagonia from its indigenous inhabitants. According to circumstances, this distribution of population either helped or hindered the Spanish conquest of America, as it likewise affected Spanish colonization. Because they lived far from the Spanish settlements during the colonial period. This caused that the goods that had to arrive directly to the Silver could not accede by means of the sea, that was the main way to do it at the time. East of the Gran Chaco, in a narrow depression 60 to 180 miles (100 to 300 km) wide, lies Mesopotamia, which is bordered to the north by the highlands of southern Brazil. Other tributaries of this system are the Iguaz (Iguau), Pilcomayo, Bermejo, Salado, and Carcara. One plan called for a full-scale invasion of ports on both sides of the continent in a coordinated attack from the Atlantic and the Pacific, but this plan was scrapped. This began European vogue into Argentina. The Emperor of the French: Who Was Napoleon Bonaparte. The British met stiff resistance from the local militia, which included 686 enslaved Africans. Despite this, the Spaniards faced problems with some indigenous groups present in the Calchaques valleys. The main reason for the establishment of this new viceroyalty was completely economic, but the concentration of power in Buenos Aires generated counterproductive consequences for the Spanish Crown. 20 years later the first Spanish colony in Argentina was established in what is now the capital: Buenos Aires. Spanish settlements date back to 16th century, and from then on, many Criollo Spaniards populated the area of Argentina, some of whom intermarried with non-Spaniards. After the Spanish conquest of the Incas, governorates were established across the continent. The landscape is cut by eastward-flowing riverssome of them of glacial origin in the Andesthat have created both broad valleys and steep-walled canyons. Argentina has long played an important role in the continents history. c. 300 yearsall Latin American countries were independent by 1810. The Argentinean area was subject to Spanish neo colonization; being used as a means of economic trade, and also for their natural resources, to benefit Spain and later England. This ancient Spanish institution had existed in all the colonies since the 16th century. Before the colonization of Argentina by the Spanish, the . Omissions? It begins in the Precolumbian age of the indigenous peoples of Argentina, with the arrival of the first Spanish conqueror. Quipus conveyed information through a pattern of knots on . An improvised fleet was built, which later engaged the Spanish fleet, and against all odds, won a decisive victory. Of primary importance to the region of colonial Argentina was the Ro de la Plata, the river that feeds into the estuary that separates Argentina and Uruguay. A result of conflict with Guam's colonizers, the introduction of diseases. Farther south the Santa Cruz River flows eastward out of the glacial Lake Argentino in the Andean foothills before reaching the Atlantic. Spaniards arrived in Argentina in 1516. The name itself is derived from the word "silver" because the. The Gran Chaco in Argentina descends in flat steps from west to east, but it is poorly drained and has such a challenging combination of physical conditions that it remains one of the least-inhabited parts of the country. Colonization brought suffering and death. Taken from latinamericancollection.com, Argenitne history, from its origin to its colonization; (n.d.). Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Ro de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Anglo-French blockade of the Ro de la Plata, Viceroyalty of the Ro de la Plata topics, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Argentina&oldid=1126025908, Articles lacking sources from December 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 7 December 2022, at 03:44. Following independence from Spain in 1816, Argentina experienced periods of internal political conflict between conservatives and liberals and between civilian and military factions. Timeline showing some of the major events and the earliest European colonies in North America. Sensing that the Spanish Empire was weakening, they attacked Buenos Aires in 1806 and 1807. Thus, before 1850, the vast majority of European settlers in Argentina were from Spain and they carried the Spanish colonial administration, including religious affairs, government, and commercial business. 1819 - Simon Bolivar defeats Spanish at Boyaca. The first is that Spain does not have a sufficient amount of free funds that must be invested in lending to the Argentine economy. Decades of civil wars followed that involved many breakaway countries, as well as other nations such as Brazil, France, and Britain. Despite this, Argentina would continue to grow in strength with waves of immigration from Europe. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The limitless country sometimes contained only a solitary bull. Free shipping for many products! The narrow lowland stretches for 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southward, finally merging with the Pampas south of the Ro de la Plata. Alternate titles: Argentine Republic, Repblica Argentina, Professor of History, University of California, Berkeley. Under the same economic system, Crdoba rose to leadership in the 17th and 18th centuries, because the expansion of settlement gave the city a central location and because the University of Crdoba, founded in 1613, put the city in the intellectual forefront of the region. 1718 - Bogota becomes the capital of the Spanish vice-royalty of Nueva Granada, which also rules Ecuador and Venezuela. Roughly around the same amount of time that Spain occupied the Philippines. Furthermore, a large proportion of Spanish immigration to Argentina during the 20th century was from the North Western region of Galicia, which has a separate language and distinct culture from other parts of Spain. General Overviews. South Americas highest mountain, Aconcagua (22,831 feet [6,959 metres]), lies in the Northwest, together with a number of other peaks that reach over 21,000 feet (6,400 metres). Political life was reoriented in 1776, when Spain created the Viceroyalty of the Ro de la Plata (consisting of modern Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and southern Bolivia), with Buenos Aires as its capital. In 1820 only two political organizations could claim more than strictly local and provincial followings: the revolutionary government in Buenos Aires and the League of Free Peoples, which had grown up along the Ro de la Plata and its tributaries under the leadership of Jos Gervasio Artigas. (25) $3.00. Having captured the Cape Colony in South Africa from the French-controlled Batavian Republic (Netherlands) at the Battle of Blaauwberg, the British decided to attempt the same action on the Ro de la Plata against Spanish assets in colonial Argentina and Uruguay (both part of the Viceroy of the Ro de la Plata). This conqueror was commissioned to found an important number of cities that later became part of Argentina, including Buenos Aires. A renewed offensive against the Royalists in the northwest of Argentina began in 1812 under the command of General Manuel Belgrano. They were driven by a desire to expand the Spanish and Portuguese empires, promote Religion, and amass fortune by exploring and exploiting new regions. In his spare time, he enjoys drawing and painting. In Argentina the independence movement began in 180607, when British attacks on Buenos Aires were repelled in the two battles known as the Reconquista and the Defensa. The eastern boundary is the Atlantic coast. The mountains gradually decrease in size and elevation southward from Bolivia. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Unlike Mexico and Peru, . One of the fundamental differences between many other types of Spanish and Argentine Spanish is the use of grammar and verb conjugation. They spent more than three decades for the inauguration of the second colony after the abandonment, in 1541, of what was the only Spanish colony. In terms of population, it is a sparse country, with the vast majority of the population centered around the capital, Buenos Aires, and its surroundings. Wide rivers flow across the Gran Chaco flatlands, but their shallow nature rarely permits navigation, and never with regularity. Argentina, 1516-1987: From Spanish Colonization to Alphonsn. Spanish South America was neatly divided into six horizontal zones. Spain established a permanent colony on the site of Buenos Aires in 1580, although initial settlement was primarily overland from Peru. It should be noted that the occupation of Argentina was not given priority when it was discovered that the region was not rich in silver or minerals in general, unlike other lands already colonized further north, such as Peru. San Miguel de Tucumns leadership lasted from the latter part of the 16th through the 17th century. There was no silver, nor any other precious metal, but those initial myths influenced the modern name of Argentina. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, large waves of European immigration to Argentina had a strong impact on the local way of speaking. He had also been instrumental in defeating the British the previous year. His performance led to his appointment as viceroy of the city, without prior consultation with the King of Spain. After the 1970s, the flow was inverted. Manuel Belgrano was one of the main liberators of Argentina. When Ferdinand was restored in 1814, however, he was virtually powerless in Spain, which remained under the shadow of France. By the time the Spanish arrived, over four millennia of complex societies had Ther. On the eve of European colonization in 1580, Argentina was a vast tract of fertile land and a social and economic backwater with a temperate climate and a sparse indigenous population. Q. Argentina About Argentina Argentina has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century. Control of Argentina was also hampered in the first instance by the large number of nomadic tribes in the region. The first Spanish settlement in Argentina was the Fort of Sancti Spiritu in 1527. Europeans first visited the area of Argentina in 1502 during the voyages of Amerigo Vespucci. It is commonly subdivided into two parts: the Northwest and the Patagonian Andes, the latter of which is discussed below under Patagonia. Glacial ice in the past extended beyond the Andes only in the extreme south, where there are now large moraines. The voyage was a complete failure: they did not get any metals, Sancti Spiritu was destroyed by the native people, and the remaining Europeans returned to Europe. Pampa is a Quechua Indian term meaning flat plain. As such, it is widely used in southeastern South America from Uruguay, where grass-covered plains commence south of the Brazilian Highlands, to Argentina. In the 18th century, Charles III of Spain tried to remedy the situation by easing trade restrictions and turning Buenos Aires into an open port, to the detriment of other trade routes. Spain's conquest of Mexico didn't end on Aug. 13, 1521, "499" filmmaker Rodrigo Reyes said. Golden-brown loess soils of the Gran Chaco are sometimes lighter where salinity is excessive but turn darker toward the east in the Mesopotamian border zone. The Pampean Sierras have variable elevations, beginning at 2,300 feet (700 metres) in the Sierra de Mogotes in the east and rising to 20,500 feet (6,250 metres) in the Sierra de Famatina in the west. Anti-royalist sentiment continued to grow within the colony. Chile's first known European discoverer, Ferdinand Magellan, stopped there during his voyage on October 21, 1520. Less than a month later, the colony led a successful counterattack with Buenos Aires line troops and militia from Montevideo and managed to occupy the entrances to the city to the north and west. Tucumn produced a significant amount of livestock, and this was sent to the upper part of the viceroyalty of Peru (the area that today occupies the map Bolivia) in exchange for goods brought from Spain. In 1776, the administrative region covering Buenos Aires and its surroundings was redrawn and became the Viceroyalty of the Ro de la Plata. Patagonia is the cold, parched, windy region that extends some 1,200 miles (1,900 km) south of the Pampas, from the Colorado River to Tierra del Fuego. Taken from argentina-excepcion.com, The Nation of Argentina, (n.d.). Author of, Professor of Comparative and International Politics, University of Southampton, England. This chapter surveys the literature on whether and which are the long-run economic legacies of European colonization today. With very little help from their colonial masters in Spain, the Argentines (United Provinces) were buoyed by their victories against their British foes. It was led by Juan Daz de Sols, considered the first Spanish explorer to set foot on Argentine soil as a product of this expedition. Books. Port workers and those who lived by the port, known as porteos, developed a deep distrust of Spanish authority, and a rebel sentiment blossomed within colonial Argentina. This promoted further explorations in the area. "Spanish Colonization to 1650" published on by null. Its undulating Atlantic coastline stretches some 2,900 miles (4,700 km). The era of colonial Argentina from the early 16th century to the early 18th century forms a significant part of Argentinas history, intrinsically linked to the formation and conduct of the modern country, as does the early 19th-century struggle for independence. The alliance was not successful and the Spaniards continued with the advance towards the south of the country. The Argentine Patriots, however, were unhappy with their leadership, and in October 1812, a coup deposed the government and installed a new triumvirate more committed to the cause of independence. This resulted in a great increase in both legal trade and smuggling. It is a large country (the 8th largest in the world) and covers many different biomes, cultures, and geographic locations. The reason why the influence of Cordoba increased was mainly the expansion that this town had, becoming a central area in the territory of the viceroyalty that allowed easier access to trade. Still, the early 20th century saw a stream of immigration of poor people and political exiles from Spain to the former colonies, especially Cuba, Mexico and Argentina. When Spain and Portugal realized that the Americas were not the Indies but a new and unknown continent, they settled the portions with the Treaty of Tordesillas, dividing an eastern section of South America for Portugal and the rest for Spain. However, the lack of precious metals in the area, and the absence of local empires like the Aztecs in Mexico or the Incas in Peru, did not allow a notable growth of the Spanish populations in the area. InspirEd Educators. Argentinas history can be defined in four distinct phases: the pre-Columbian era, the colonial era, the era of the struggle for independence, and the modern era. Its name, meaning Little Sea, refers to the high salt content of its waters. Visit Iguau (Iguaz) Falls on the Argentina-Brazil border to see the Iguau River plunge over the Paran Plateau, federal republic with two legislative houses (Senate [72]; Chamber of Deputies [257]), The conservative restoration and the Concordancia, 193043, Attempts to restore constitutionalism, 195566, https://www.britannica.com/place/Argentina, Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Argentina, Official Site of Embassy of Argentina in Australia, Argentina - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Argentina - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Gunmen leave Argentine soccer star Messi a menacing message, Pregnant Russians flock to Argentina seeking new passports, Study: Don't blame climate change for South American drought. On May 25, 1810 (now celebrated as Venticinco de Mayo, the day of the revolution), such an open cabildo in Buenos Aires established an autonomous government to administer the Viceroyalty of the Ro de la Plata in the name of Ferdinand VII, pending his restoration. The Buenos Aires government tried to maintain the integrity of the old Viceroyalty of the Ro de la Plata, but the outlying portions, never effectively controlled, soon were lost: Paraguay in 1814, Bolivia in 1825, and Uruguay in 1828.
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