Practical wisdom, however, is often required to be virtuous. Sexual Identification and Orientation, 31. In most professional disciplines, including business, the primary ethical frameworks used in the classroom draw on Universalist approaches. 132 0 obj 0000001486 00000 n It simply emphasizes the other side of the twofold purpose of business (profit and responsibility). As you read these, ask yourself which principles characterize and underlie your own values, beliefs, behaviors, and actions. Use of this principle generally applies when resources are scarce, there is a conflict in priorities, and no clear choice meets everyones needsthat is, a zero-sum decision is imminent, Universalism is a principle that considers the welfare and risks of all parties when considering policy decisions and outcomes. Framework for Making Ethical Decisions The following section discusses how ethical leadership at the top and throughout organizations affects ethical actions and behaviors.21. In the business world, various ethical theories and principles are used. A major limitation when using this principle is, Who determines what the common good is in situations where two or more parties differ over whose interests are violated? In individualistic and capitalist societies, it is difficult in many cases for individuals to give up their interests and tangible goods for what may not benefit them or may even deprive them. Virtue ethics is based on character traits such as being truthful, practical wisdom, happiness, flourishing, and well-being. THEORIES SECTION A 1. They prescribe obligations for everybody, define 2 Ex 2 Post Lab A. Abstaining from cheating customers, defrauding clients, lying, and murder are fairly objective ethical values; the reason for making any exceptions must be carefully laid out. Some of the strengths and weaknesses that will be discussed for Universalism are consistency, intension basis, and universalizability, while some of the discussed strengths and weaknesses for Utilitarianism are flexibility, outcome-basis, and lack of consistency. BUSG 210 Practice Final Exam. Loyalty to the Brand and to Customers, 24. Profiles of leaders and organizations policies, practices, perks, diversity, compensation, and other statistics regarding employee welfare and benefits can be reviewed. Although Universalism has appeared at various times in Christian history, most notably in the works of Origen of In the conclusive section, some suggestions and recommendations are presented. At the organizational level, principled and values-based leadership influences cultures that inspire and motivate ethical behavior and performance. Case Study of Ethical Aspect in Nestle Company Using creativity is also important when examining difficult moral decisions when sometimes it may seem that there are two right ways to act in a situation or perhaps no way seems morally right, which may also signal that not taking an action at that time may be needed, unless taking no action produces worse results. Images. Using one or more of these principles and ethical approaches intentionally can also help you examine choices and options before making a decision or solving an ethical dilemma. v a l p o . Many leaders character and actions serve as examples of how character-based virtues work. In the ideal case, the organizations culture never allows the latter, because scandals not only damage reputations but they make companies and countries much less attractive to investors. (4) Who has to pay for the consequences? Society and Business Anthology by Various Authors is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Applying this principle is related to a quick test before acting or making a decision by asking, What would my best self do in this situation? Others ask the question inserting someone they know or honor highly. 5. The search for a universally applied set of ethics always comes back to it. There are some limitations to this ethic. Legal rights are entitlements that are limited to a particular legal system and jurisdiction. Without a relationship of trust, there can be no exchange of goods or services upon which economies are built. The problem is that if anything flourishes in this model, it is often the business rather than the employees. At the organizational level, principled and values-based leadership influences cultures that inspire and motivate ethical behavior and performance. As some have asked, What is a human life worth?. . 131 0 obj What, then, is missing from humanistic business? Applying the common good principle can also be asked by a simple question: How will this decision or action affect the broader physical, cultural, and social environment in which I, my family, my friends, and others have to live, breathe, and thrive in now, next week, and beyond?. Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, calls the 1. Are the Values Central to Business Ethics Universal? 2023 Informa UK Limited, an Informa Group Company. Business can mean an activity of exchange. Are there human values that apply everywhere despite differences in time, place, and culture (Figure 5.7)? This principle is grounded in both legal and moral rights. Those documents revealed that there were doubts the war could be won while thousands of young Americans continued to die fighting. The second major meaning behind BUSI 690 Chapter 6-9 It is either less clear what to do or harder to do it because of constant pressure to increase the organizations profitability and the perception that everybody else is doing it.29. ;;rlH,.6\I)- ld P1|d`-0iA 6H3dxU0[0u0*3lar H"%LX001da0rJ`X` uq&%61d2g,e^|N Z@@: -l,3BNZ D H Corruption is expensive: According to the World Economic Forum, no less than $2 trillion is lost each year worldwide as a result of corruption, a staggering waste not just of resources but of credibility for business in general.28. That policy lasted until the 1990s, when several parties negotiated its demisewith the help of Nelson Mandela (www.history.com/topics/apartheid). WebView CONCEPTS & THEORIES OF BUSINESS ETHICS.ppt from MBA 2 at School of Law, Christ University, Bangalore. Ultimately, the theory of universalism in business ethics helps to promote ethical behavior and responsibility in the business world, and can serve as a powerful tool This principle, as with universalism, can always be used when individuals, groups, and nations are involved in decisions that may violate or harm such rights as life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness, and free speech. As a theory for justifying moral practices and beliefs, ethical relativism fails to recognize that some societies have better reasons for holding their views than others. What are major ethical principles that can be used by individuals and organizations? Exchange is fundamental to business. Content: formal principles or uniform requirements? Moral (and human) rights, on the other hand, are universal and based on norms in every society, for example, the right not to be enslaved and the right to work. This principle is related to universalism. This principle has at least four major components that are based on the tenets that (1) all individuals should be treated equally; (2) justice is served when all persons have equal opportunities and advantages (through their positions and offices) to societys opportunities and burdens; (3) fair decision practices, procedures, and agreements among parties should be practiced; and (4) punishment is served to someone who has inflicted harm on another, and compensation is given to those for a past harm or injustice committed against them. The dilemma for the Washington Posts then CEO centered on her having to choose between exposing the truth based on freedom of speechwhich was the mission and foundation of the newspaperor staying silent and suppressing the classified information. Business Ethics It is an orientation that many use quite frequently. After all, literature that has stood the test of time can provide tremendous insight into human behavior, and Homer or Shakespeare may be more relevant to contemporary executive leadership than a business seminar on how to motivate employees. They do need to understand people and their motives, to know how to read and judge character, and to have the ability to imagine themselves in anothers shoes, be they those of a competitor, a boss, or a subordinate. When in Rome, do as the Romans do.. 9 Ethical Principles and Responsible Decision-Making Moral universalism - Wikipedia Multiple Versus Single Ethical Standards, 9. Chapter 2 - Moral Subjectivism and Moral Relativism b. Differentiate "ethics" and "values". Ch. Where could we go from there? Access to the full content is only available to members of institutions that have purchased access. Freeman's stakeholder theory, on the other hand, is seen as being on the other end of the continuum, arguing for selflessnessanother misinterpretation, as I argue with Ed Freeman's help. The Workplace Environment and Working Conditions, 23. Ethical relativism is really not a principle to be followed or modeled. How can businesses do this? Followers of this principle can become absolutists and true believersmany times believing and following their own ideology and beliefs. grramire. One model of ethical behavior, sometimes called the humanistic business model, may provide the answer for businesses that wish to achieve the dual goal of human flourishing and responsible profits. e]__3EwcaXLpMu\6ki3=3A{aji_*i/NQwio+OKZM$>w3@-$CH^~d), q)>x1t4N8S8JrRG?;*6Q^LZE j;@+l8PPi-(v=XFM7%-Ag}VuPfa{+_gU ?hv Z&*~TVF:F78%dDZ N|#*q6]d/PQ{ox S@twnir@/ohoWDw^p Qd~`JyBAAFH Web(SEM III) THEORY EXAMINATION 2021-UNIVERSAL HUMAN VALUES & PROFESSIONAL ETHICS. endobj Many companies in the United States, Europe, and elsewhere were pressured in the 1980s and before by public interest groups whether or not to continue doing business or leave South Africa. Universalism : Normative business ethics should address systemic issues such as oversight and transparency as well as the character of individuals who make up the organization. Until that time, international firms doing business in South Africa were expected to abide by the apartheid policy and its underlying values. (2015) The film The Post, based on fact, portrays how the daughter of the founder of the famed newspaper, the Washington Post, inherited the role of CEO and was forced to make a decision between publishing a whistle-blowers classified government documents of then top-level generals and officials or keep silent and protect the newspaper. For example, although what constitutes ethical behavior in Islamic society is strongly linked to religious values, secular philosophers can endorse a highly developed commitment to commercial ethics, too. Let us look at how it is possible to align business with human rights in such a way that both profitability and responsibility are honored across the globe. Universal value 2 The principles that we will cover are utilitarianism, universalism, rights/legal, justice, virtue, common good, and ethical relativism approaches. 34 terms. Virtue ethics is based on character traits such as being truthful, practical wisdom, happiness, flourishing, and well-being. Contributing to a Positive Work Atmosphere, 26. 136 0 obj The claim that ethical standards or principles are universal is an ancient commonplace of many ethical traditions and of contemporary political life, particularly in appeals to universal human rights. 16 terms. Based on the expressed preferences of 163 undergraduate and graduate students of business ethics, this article briefly examines the two most popular theories, Universalism (Kantian) and Utilitarianism (consequentialist), and presents a SWOT analysis of both. Page 1 of 1. 73 terms. WebBased on the expressed preferences of 163 undergraduate and graduate students of business ethics, this article briefly examines the two most popular theories, Universalism Dec 12, 2022 OpenStax. endobj In fact, John Mackey, the founder of Whole Foods, has said that love has been the basis of his success in business, which translates into care and concern for customers beyond profit and for workers beyond productivity (Figure 5.8).39, Recall the statement by IBM quoted earlier in the chapter: [IBM] remain[s] dedicated to leading the world into a more prosperous and progressive future; to creating a world that is fairer, more diverse, more tolerant, more just.40. Ultimately, the theory of universalism in business ethics helps to promote ethical behavior and responsibility in the business world, and can serve as a powerful tool for building trust and confidence in the operations of organizations around the world. As you read these, ask yourself which principles characterize and underlie your own values, beliefs, behaviors, and actions. An action is morally right if the net benefits over costs are greatest for all affected compared with the net benefits of all other possible choices. Only the individuals self-interest and values are relevant for judging his or her behavior. Recent Governance Reforms: An Executive Summary, 13. 0000017527 00000 n 137 0 obj Profiles of leaders and organizations policies, practices, perks, diversity, compensation, and other statistics regarding employee welfare and benefits can be reviewed. Can business ethics provide one? For example, the famous Warren Buffett stands as an icon of good character who demonstrates trustworthy values and practical wisdom. First, some individuals may disagree about who is virtuous in different situations and therefore would refuse to use that persons character as a principle. 1. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents()/Rect[72.0 618.0547 118.127 630.9453]/StructParent 2/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> Utilitarian ethics says, in general, that the most ethical course of action is the one that provides the greatest benefit to the most people. universal Cultural Diversity and Universal Ethics in a Global World In opposition to moral relativism, moral universalismalso called moral objectivismholds that there are objective right or wrong actions, independently of the *$nMY9s:SZC;>M:yREn\rDk~iG']rDn>v]1m7@u,sI>wQZVmb^emU(W y Q)\u58y.? As effective as they may be, however, they beg the larger question not of how someone can act on what their conscience tells them but how to determine what their conscience is telling them in the first place. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents( \n h t t p s : / / s c h o l a r . President Johnson was pressured to resign, Secretary of State McNamara later apologized, and the war eventually ended with U.S. troops withdrawing. Universalism 0000002618 00000 n v a l p o . > Obvious limitations of relativism include following ones blind spots or self-interests that can interfere with facts and reality. B. what ethical behaviors should be expected of company personnel in the course of doing their jobs. Many companies in the United States, Europe, and elsewhere were pressured in the 1980s and before by public interest groups whether or not to continue doing business or leave South Africa. If require any missing data; then choose suitably. WebUniversalism. 5.3 Ethical Principles and Responsible Decision-Making 134 0 obj The focus still seems to be on organizational responsibility and compliance as opposed to individual responsibility and the formation of ethical conscience. There are some limitations to this ethic. consent of Rice University. Many organizations focus on the letter of the law so that they can claim good faith in their effort to create an ethical environment. These principles can be, and are, used in combination; different principles are also used in different situations. Someones principle is a moral principle if he or she is willing to universalize it and if not it is then the other way round. GRILL3BB. WebUniversalism is a principle that considers the welfare and risks of all parties when considering policy decisions and outcomes. Becoming familiar with these principles, then, can help inform your moral decision process and help you observe the principles that a team, work-group, or organization that you now participate in or will be joining may be using. The mainstream in business ethics has declared the collective and selfless end to be the ideal that must guide practice and research. If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, In the case of LIBOR, the United Kingdoms Serious Fraud Office determined there were inadequate systems of oversight in the setting of rates and that individual executives encouraged rate fixing, which led to the conviction of several traders, at least one of whom still maintains his innocence.33 Discuss need of Value education. endobj 0000002849 00000 n If you need friends or relationships in the government bureaucracy in order to get your imports cleared or your license extended, then that means particularism. Business Ethics Some limitations when using this principle are (1) it can be used to disguise and manipulate selfish and unjust political interests, (2) it is difficult to determine who deserves what when both parties are right, and (3) individuals can exaggerate certain entitlements at the expense of others. This is especially the case when facts are not available and there is no objective external jurisdiction of the state or federal government. In the context of business ethics, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 issued a broader _____ rule in order to address the weaknesses of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. But looking to the humanities to understand business is an opportunity to engage business in subjects and ideas that have a tremendous, if often overlooked, impact on people. Why or why not? Kantian Ethics - Overview, Categorical Imperatives, Morality Cooper, Santora, and Sarros wrote, Universalism is the outward expression of leadership character and is made manifest by respectfulness for others, fairness, cooperativeness, compassion, spiritual respect, and humility. Corporate leaders in the Worlds Most Ethical Companies strive to set a tone at the top to exemplify and embody universal principles in their business practices.19 Howard Schultz, founder of Starbucks; cofounder Jim Sinegal at Costco; Sheryl Sandberg, chief operating officer of Facebook; and Ursula M. Burns, previous chairperson and CEO of Xerox have demonstrated setting effective ethical tones at the top of organizations.
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