Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. He had, Bacon added, much to be suspicious about, "his times" being "full of secret conspiracies and troubles". [citation needed], During his lifetime the nobility often criticised Henry VII for re-centralizing power in London, and later the 16th-century historian Francis Bacon was ruthlessly critical of the methods by which he enforced tax law, but it is equally true that Henry VII was diligent about keeping detailed records of his personal finances, down to the last halfpenny;[71] these and one account book detailing the expenses of his queen survive in the British National Archives, as do accounts of courtiers and many of the king's own letters. Their main aim was money. However, such a level of paranoia persisted that anyone (John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, for example)[27] with blood ties to the Plantagenets was suspected of coveting the throne. By the way, dont forget that Ian Mortimers Time Travellers Guide to Elizabethan England is on tonight on BBC2 at 9pm. Updates? [14] In November 1476, Francis fell ill and his principal advisers were more amenable to negotiating with King Edward. [32], Next, in 1487, Yorkists led by Lincoln rebelled in support of Lambert Simnel, a boy they claimed to be Edward of Warwick (who was actually a prisoner in the Tower). He was crowned on October 30 and secured parliamentary recognition of his title early in November. While there, he feigned stomach cramps and delayed his departure long enough to miss the tides. Henry then consolidated his reign with magnificent architecture, an opulent household and money. Alison Weir points out that the Rennes ceremony, two years earlier, was plausible only if Henry and his supporters were certain that the Princes were already dead. His first chance came in 1483 when his aid was sought to rally Lancastrians in support of the rebellion of Henry Stafford, duke of Buckingham, but that revolt was defeated before Henry could land in England. Thanks largely to the desertion of his stepfather, Lord Stanley, to him, he defeated and slew Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth on August 22, 1485. By subscribing you confirm that you have read and agree to the Privacy Policy [opens in new window] and the Terms & Conditions [opens in new window]. Henry then cemented his claim to the throne and his dynastic ambitions by marrying Elizabeth of York and bringing the Houses of Lancaster and York together; the red rose and white rose combined to become the Tudor rose. For him, it was never about glory and battle. After his victory at Bosworth Field, Henry married Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth of York. This was accomplished through the targeted imposition of fines and bonds through extrajudicial councils. Henry Tudors claim to the throne was, therefore, weak and of no importance until the deaths in 1471 of Henry VIs only son, Edward, of his own two remaining kinsmen of the Beaufort line, and of Henry VI himself, which suddenly made Henry Tudor the sole surviving male with any ancestral claim to the house of Lancaster. Happy St Davids Day! Lincoln was killed in battle and Henry was victorious. To unite the opponents of Richard III, Henry had promised to marry Elizabeth of York, eldest daughter of Edward IV; and the coalition of Yorkists and Lancastrians continued, helped by French support, since Richard III talked of invading France. Penn is not one to understate a case. Stanley placed Richards circlet on Henrys head, he was now King. An easy read? Annoyingly, much of the most interesting stuff concerns his son, and whenever Penn comments intelligently on how the events here affected the future Henry VIII's reign I found myself perking up such as the suggestion that Henry VII's marriage to Elizabeth was the kind of marriage that their second son, Prince Henry, would spend his whole life trying to find. [20] He amassed an army of about 5,0006,000 soldiers. Letters to relatives have an affectionate tone not captured by official state business, as evidenced by many written to his mother Margaret. [48], Henry later concluded a treaty with France at Etaples that brought money into the coffers of England, and ensured the French would not support pretenders to the English throne, such as Perkin Warbeck. Thank you for subscribing. From 1527 Henry pursued what became known as "the King's great matter": his divorce from Catherine. [41] Henry also increased wealth by acquiring land through the act of resumption of 1486 which had been delayed as he focused on defence of the Church, his person and his realm. [citation needed] The first was the 1486 rebellion of the Stafford brothers, abetted by Viscount Lovell, which collapsed without fighting. [23] After his coronation Henry issued an edict that any gentleman who swore fealty to him would, notwithstanding any previous attainder, be secure in his property and person. Dydd Gyl Dewi Hapus! Their powers and numbers steadily increased during the time of the Tudors, never more so than under Henry's reign. For inheriting an unstable throne, holding it for 25 year and leaving England relatively stable, Henry VII deserves his own biography and a lot more credit. Henry VII was born on 28 January 1457 at Pembroke Castle, in the English-speaking portion of Pembrokeshire known as Little England beyond Wales. [81], Henry VII and Elizabeth had seven children:[b]. He is credited with many administrative, economic and diplomatic initiatives. His early reign was plagued by pretenders to the throne, giving the new Tudor dynasty a rocky start and a fear of conspiracy which dogged Henry VII throughout his life. Penn then went on to talk about the heir to the throne, the young Prince Henry, who seemed very different to the King. [18] He was welcomed by the French, who readily supplied him with troops and equipment for a second invasion. [69] The wedding never took place, and the physical description Henry sent with his ambassadors of what he desired in a new wife matched the description of his wife Elizabeth. When the Lancastrian cause crashed to disaster at the Battle of Tewkesbury (May 1471), Jasper took the boy out of the country and sought refuge in the duchy of Brittany. Henry VIII - Loss of popularity | Britannica - Encyclopedia Britannica Edward, Earl of Warwick, the ten-year-old son of Edward IV's brother George, Duke of Clarence, was the senior surviving male of the House of York. Henry responded to this threat by embedding spies into households. His host was Francis, the Duke of Brittany, who saw Henry Tudor as a pawn in the game between Edward VI and the King of France. Henry VIII had become heir to the throne when his elder brother, Arthur, died in 1502. [13] When Warwick restored Henry VI in 1470, Jasper Tudor returned from exile and brought Henry to court. [49] The confused, fractious nature of Breton politics undermined his efforts, which finally failed after three sizeable expeditions, at a cost of 24,000. [25][80], Historians have always compared Henry VII with his continental contemporaries, especially Louis XI of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon. $14.97 1 Used from $14.96 3 New from $14.97. There he found more English fugitives, willing to invade England in support of Henry, and bearing news that Richard III had serious plans to marry the princess Elizabeth himself. In 1502 the death of his heir Arthur left the dynasty's prospects with Arthur's 10-year-old brother, Henry. Years of instability, factionalism and his predecessors' penchant for war had seen royal finances severely battered. Serious disputes involving the use of personal power, or threats to royal authority, were thus dealt with. If he trusted anyone, it would be his queen and why not, since both had so much in common both being familiar with being in sanctuary, and pawns in the game of power? He became paranoid and made the decision that if his people couldnt love him then they should fear him. Henry VII was king of England from 1485 to 1509. Thomas More hailed the end of "slavery" and the return of "liberty", "the end of sadness, the beginning of joy". This is why he named the book the Winter King. Penn explained how Henry reworked recent events to suit him. Sonnet XCVII - Massachusetts Institute of Technology Henry attained the throne when his forces defeated King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. [74] Margaret Tudor wrote letters to her father declaring her homesickness, but Henry could do nothing but mourn the loss of his family and honour the terms of the peace treaty he had agreed to with the King of Scotland. I found this really interesting, but Im a history nut. Henry reigned for nearly 24 years and was peacefully succeeded by his son, Henry VIII. Henry, recognizing that Simnel had been a mere dupe, employed him in the royal kitchens. Henry VIII was spring and Henry VII was winter. We know that Henry attended the wedding celebrations of Arthur and his bride . Having established his claim to be king in his own right, he married Elizabeth of York on January 18, 1486. Stanleys betrayal led to a complete security overhaul and his privy chamber going into lockdown. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . By 1900 the "New Monarchy" interpretation stressed the common factors that in each country led to the revival of monarchical power. He likens the beginning of Henry VIII's reign to a metaphorical spring, a second coming of sorts because Henry VIII seemed to be the opposite of his father. The expressive and evocative power of his writing, and the union of scholarship with artistry, are rare in modern historical writing. From his victory over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth, to his secret death and the succession of his son Henry VIII, the film reveals the ruthless tactics . Omissions? With the assistance of the Italian merchant banker Lodovico della Fava and the Italian banker Girolamo Frescobaldi, Henry VII became deeply involved in the trade by licensing ships, obtaining alum from the Ottoman Empire, and selling it to the Low Countries and in England. On one side of the coin, instead of a profile of his face, there was a full length depiction of Henry sat on his throne with his crown and sceptre. Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! He stabilised the government's finances by introducing several new taxes. [77][78] His mother died two months later on 29 June 1509. Henry VII declared himself king by just title of inheritance and by the judgment of God in battle, after slaying Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. At the same time, Flemish merchants were ejected from England. Swynford was Gaunt's mistress for about 25 years. Henry VII | Biography & Facts | Britannica King Henry the VII and King Henry the VIII both feared being invaded by foreign countries. Here is a rundown of the programme for those who missed it. He was, said Penn, a man who never knew a moments peace during his reign. Penn graphically describes a huge financial racket run by the king and his profiteering advisers. I'm beginning to wonder if all of the kings beginning with the conquest weren't a little off their rocker in some way. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. It was the end of the union of Lancaster and York and many had only accepted Henry as King because of his wifes Yorkist roots, so Henry was once more on shaky ground with his old enemies resurfacing and raising armies. Henry VII was the founder of the Tudor dynasty and father of Henry VIII and Ive been doing a bit of digging on this lesser known Tudor. Thomas Penns Winter King in a brilliant mash-up of gothic horror and political biography. Henry himself was clearly a distant figure who governed through his ministers, but this means that it's quite hard to get much of a sense of his character from the few sources available. He died shortly afterwards in Carmarthen Castle. When Henry VII became king, the royal exchequer was effectively bankrupt. Henry VIII, (born June 28, 1491, Greenwich, near London, Englanddied January 28, 1547, London), king of England (1509-47) who presided over the beginnings of the English Renaissance and the English Reformation.
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