the characters in Shakespeare's play Othello ever challenge the right of a husband to murder a wife accused of adultery. Shakespeare often focuses his plays on human nature as well as fate, which Othellos fate ended in the tragic ending due to his reversal of fortune once the claims against Desdemona begin. However, the protagonist of the tragedy play only partially meets the definition of Aristotles tragic hero. Archetypes Archetypal criticism focuses on patterns in a literary work that commonly occur in other literary works. Archetypal critics are also interested in certain myths and rituals that recur in a wide variety of cultures. For more information on choosing credible sources for your paper, check out this blog post. Just another site. The tragedy of Othello, written by William Shakespeare, presents the main character Othello, as a respectable, honorable, and dignified man, but because of his insecurities and good nature, he is easily taken advantage of and manipulated by his peers and alleged friends. Desdemona finally, dramatically appears before the senate to support Othellos account of their courtship and to balance her obligation to her father and now to her husband based on the claims of love: My noble father, Indeed, myth criticism seems singularly unaffected by any of the archetypal theorists who have remained faithful to the origins and traditions of depth, especially analytical, psychologyJames Hillman, Henri Corbin, Gilbert Durand, Rafael Lopez-Pedraza, Evangelos Christou. Archetypal theory and criticism, although often used synonymously with Myth theory and crticism, has a distinct history and process. Othello falls in love with Desdemona and they secretly marry; later, he leaves to Cyprus to stop the Turks. marxist criticism in othello act 1 - lupaclass.com The play imitates life through basic human emotions such as jealousy and rage. Othello is now reduced to questioning his wife's maid, Emilia, looking for evidence of Desdemona's infidelity. Character analysis: Iago in Othello | The British Library Other forms previously labeled Jungian are here subsumed under the term archetypal because whatever their immediate specific focus, these forms operate on a set of assumptions derived from Jung and accept the depth-psychological structure posited by Jung. The direction of Othello criticism will also be affected as literary criticism's longstanding commitment to cultural historicism comes under pressure from those who argue that explorations of context often come at the expense of literature's formal properties and affective registers, and as developments in the digital humanities enable fresh The major work of Frye's to deal with archetypes is Anatomy of Criticism but his essay The Archetypes of Literature is a precursor to the book. OTHELLO: Iago critics. Placing responsibility in the stars - he calls Desdemona an "ill-starred wench" - is hardly a gallant course of action. From the moment when the temptation of the hero begins, the readers heart and mind are held in a vice, experiencing the extremes of pity and fear, sympathy and repulsion, sickening hope and dreadful expectation. Cinthios version of Iago is conventionally driven by jealousy of a superior and lust for his wife. The Moor is eventually captured, tortured, and slain by Disdemonas relatives, while the ensign dies during torture for another crime. Desdemonas true morals is her absolute devotion to her husband. Marxist criticism would also have offered a distinctive way of looking at Othello. An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare A tragic hero is a hero nonetheless, but it all comes down to how they hold themselves together in the face of. Archetypal Criticism Archetypal criticism argues that archetypes determine the form and function of literary works, . Othello is a complex play that deals with issues such as jealousy, gender, and race. Up until Act III Scene iii Othello, "noble Moor" is in an elated position and is very aware of his importance. However, the Moor and Alfiero join forces to kill Disdemona, beating her to death with a stocking filled with sand before pulling down the ceiling on her dead body to conceal the crime as an accident. They're not intended to be submitted as your own work, so we don't waste time removing every error. Archetypal criticism | SpringerLink Othello is a tragedy plan written by William Shakespeare. And new theories increasingly give credence to the requirement, historically asserted by Jungian readers, that each text elicit a personal, affective, and not merely intellectual response. Archetypal Myth Criticism Paper - 337 Words - Internet Public Library Archetypal criticism is a type of literary criticismexamining the presence of archetypal characters within a piece of literature. That not another comfort like to this An archetypal critic would also say that the recurring patterns in literature prove that there are universal According to Aristotle, a tragic protagonist is a nobleman or person from high status, who contributes to his own demise and illustrates a flaw or weakness in judgment. However, for Othello this is not the case. Check out our Privacy and Content Sharing policies for more information.). Jung was also more preoccupied with dreams and fantasies, because he saw them as exclusively (purely) products of the unconscious, in contrast to literature, which he oddly believed, citing Joyces Ulysses as an example, was created in the full light of consciousness (15:123). O my souls joy, Alfiero, like Iago, similarly arouses the Moors suspicions by stealing Disdemonas handkerchief and planting it in Cassios bed-room. The men of the play manipulate her image of a naive lover to being a strumpet! (V.ii.94). Given this background, it is not surprising to find in a 1976 essay entitled Jungian Psychology in Criticism: Theoretical Problems the statement that no purely Jungian criticism of literature has yet appeared (Baird 22). archetypal criticism in othelloboone county wv obituaries. To The Reader Baudelaire Analysis; Used Dudek Universal For Sale; Is Ignatius J Reilly Autistic; Spring League Football Tryouts; marxist criticism in othello act 1 . Not only does she try to protect Othellos reputation by blaming herself, Desdemona tells Emilia to remind Othello about her showing that she stills respects Othello. Examples of Archetype in Shakespearean Works. If it were now to die Thus, with the archetypal theorists multiplying across disciplines on the one hand and the clinically practicing followers serving as (generally inadequate) critics on the other, archetypal literary theory and criticism flourished in two independent streams in the 1960s and 1970s. The example essays in Kibin's library were written by real students for real classes. Abstract. Let him command, And to obey shall be in me remorse, In archetypal criticism, under the reductive method of analysis, a critic, while elucidating a text, moves from the particular truth to the general truth. ukraine russia border live camera /; June 24, 2022 My soul hath content so absolute Eliot, Samuel Taylor) characterize themselves as realists, pragmatic, practical, eschewing the supporters of the so-called weaker Othello, who conversely tend to describe themselves as somehow morally elevated, more empathetic. Toril Moi, trans. Literary Archetypes The Legend of Sleepy Hollow The Loved One The Magus The Making of Americans The Man in the High Castle The Mayor of Casterbridge The Member of the Wedding The Metamorphosis The Natural The Plague The Plot Against America The Portrait of a Lady The Power of Sympathy The Red Badge of Courage The Road The Road from Coorain For Jung, archetype is an explanatory paraphrase of the Platonic eidos (9, pt. He notes that Singers Unholy Bible: A Psychological Interpretation of William Blake (1970), though oversimplified in its psychobiographical approach and its treatment of characters as psychological projections of the author, does make original use in a literary context of such Jungian techniques of dream interpretation as amplification and of such fantasy-evoking procedures as active imagination.. In-text citation: - Alfredo Alvarez, student @ Miami University, We use cookies to provide the best possible experience on our site. If we carefully examine the third scene in the third act, we can see how Othello fits into Aristotle's definition of tragic hero. Archetypal Literary Criticism. Lon S. Roudiez, 1986); Estella Lauter and Carol Schreier Rupprecht, Feminist Archetypal Theory: Interdisciplinary Re-Visions of Jungian Thought (1985); Erich Neumann, Art and the Creative Unconscious: Four Essays (trans. However, these fields of study contributed a lot to the development of archetypal criticism through the characters of Sir James Frazer and Carl Jung. Desperate to cling to the security of his former identity as a soldier while his current identity as a lover crumbles, Othello begins to confuse the one with the other. Archetypal criticism proceeds from the initial assumption that every work of literature can be categorized and fitted into a large framework that encompasses all literature. A general in the army, Othello holds a distinguished place in the Duke's court due to his victories in battle, but not an equal one. "Othello is like a hero of the ancient world in that he is not a man like us, but a man recognized as extraordinary". This is not a satisfactory frame of mind for an investigator, and it is certainly not an . OTHELLO: Iago critics - Litchapter.com The concept of the archetype is a venerable philosophical principle that came into new prominence and usage in the twentieth century with the development of archetypal literary criticism . Using Critical Lenses to Analyze Othello: Historical, Cultural and Macbeth) in the essay title portion of your citation. Othello is a Moorish (African) general in the Venetian army and an eloquent storyteller who is respected, but often treated as an outsider. Come, go with me apart. As he attempts to carry out his execution of Desdemona, she for the first time realizes his charges against her and his utter delusion. Categories: Archetypal Criticism, Literary Criticism, Literary Theory, Myth Criticism, Psychoanalysis, Tags: Achetypes, Alchemy of Discourse: An Archetypal Approach to Language, Anatomy of Criticism, Archetypal Criticism, Archetypal feminist criticism, Archetypal Patterns in Poetry, Archetypal Psychology, Archetypal Theory, Archetypal Theory and Criticism, Archetypal Theory Criticism, Claude Levi-Strauss, Ernst Cassirer, Evangelos Christou, Francis Fergusson, Frazer, Gilbert Durand, Henri Corbin, Hermes and His Children, Hillman, Imagining: A Phenomenological Study, J. G. Frazer, J. G. Frazer The Golden Bough, James Hillman, Jessie Weston, Joseph Campbell, Jung and the Humanities: Toward a Hermeneutics of Culture., Jung's Psychology of the Unconscious, Jungian Approach to Literature, Leslie Fiedler, Literary Criticism, Literary Theory, Logos of the Soul, Maud Bodkin, Myth, Myth theory and crticism, New Polytheism, Northrop Frye, Philip Wheelwright, Psychoanalysis, Rafael Lopez-Pedraza, Richard Chase, Spring Journal, Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture, Spring: An Annual of Archetypal Psychology and Jungian Thought, The Golden Bough, The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion, Alchemy of Discourse: An Archetypal Approach to Language. : Feminist: Ex. This passage reveals how much Othello has deteriorated as far as his ability to reason. Othellos motivation in the play appears to be his love and concern for his wife Desdemona, which ironically, ends up being his downfall in the end. Othello accused her of being unfaithful, when she never was. Frye, then, first misinterprets Jungian theory by insisting on a Lamarckian view of genetic transmission of archetypes, which Jung explicitly rejected, and later settles on a concept of archetype as a literary occurrence per se, an exclusively intertextual recurring phenomenon resembling a convention (99). (PDF) Archetypal Criticism | Tiyas Mondal - Academia.edu Archetypal Analysis of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone The movie Zootopia uses animals to portray racism and sexism; predators do not like prey and vice versa. Citations Othello also matches Aristotle's ideas of tragic hero because our Othello realizes the error of his ways, causing us to feel sympathy for him. Archetypal Criticism Volume I. Many fell prey to Jungs idiosyncrasies as a reader, ranging widely and naively over genres, periods, and languages in search of the universal archetypes, while sweeping aside cultureand text-specific problems, ignoring their own role in the act of reading and basing critical evaluation solely on a texts contribution to the advancement of the readers individuation process, a kind of literature-astherapy standard. In Shakespeare's Othello, Iago is one of the most compelling villains in English literature. Such characters can be found in works of fiction, long or short, and in more poetic works. What is striking about Shakespeares alteration of Cinthios grisly tale of murder and villainy is the shift of emphasis to the provocation for the murder, the ennobling of Othello as a figure of great stature and dignity to underscore his self-destruction, and the complication of motive for the ensigns actions. Archetypal criticism is a product of both cultural anthropology and psychoanalysis which are academic fields that might seem to be far from the concept of archetypal criticism. Archetypes In Othello - 816 Words | Studymode 1. And let the labouring barque climb hills of seas Succeeds in unknown fate. Feminist Critique of the Character Desdemona in Othello Introduction Women during Elizabethan age are assumed to have spent their lives in the service of men - prearranged marriages, child rearing, and their role as sexual objects. Further, the text offered confirmation (and poetic representation) of the only direct contribution Jung made to literary theory: a distinction between psychological and visionary texts (Collected 15:89-90). FREE Archetype Essay Essay - Example Essays This recurring idea of an evil witch is extremely common and archetypal. The character of Iago is so conducted, that he is from the first scene to the last hated and despised. / Man but a rush against Othello's breast / And he retires." This assignment is intended to encourage you, and require you . Finally, Othello arrives giving him the opportunity to renew his marriage vows to Desdemona: It gives me wonder great as my content Kibin, 2023, www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-archetype-criticism-of-othello-a-play-by-william-shakespeare-yJF4zltX. Archetypal school of literary criticism is a type of literary criticism that is concerned with recurring myths and archetypes in symbols, characters, actions, and situations within literary pieces. And despite frequently perceptive readings, the work is marred by the characteristic limitless expansionism and psychological utilitarianism of her interpretive scheme. Archetypal Criticism - Literary Theory and Criticism Uncover new sources by reviewing other students' references and bibliographies, Inspire new perspectives and arguments (or counterarguments) to address in your own essay. Othello's Integrity One of Othello's admirable qualities is that he believes that men should be transparent and honest as he is; "Certain, men should be what they seem" (Act 3 Scene 3 Line 134). Did you find something inaccurate, misleading, abusive, or otherwise problematic in this essay example? Free Feminist On Othello Essays and Papers | 123 Help Me Act 3, one of the wonders of the stage, anatomizes Othellos psychic descent from perfect contentment in his new wife to complete loathing, from a worldview in which everything is as it appears to one in which nothing is as it seems. In this essay let us examine the various themes and determine which are dominant and which subordinate. And will upon the instant put thee tot. Othello was crafted at the dawn of the 17th century, shaped by complex social and geopolitical issues that new historicist critics, who seek to place literary works within a historical framework, have recently sought to unravel. By trying to hide the fact that Othello had murdered her, Desdemona has chosen to put the honor of their love above honesty. An archetype is recurrent. By speaking of soul as a primary metaphor, rather than defining soul substantively and attempting to derive its ontological status from empirical demonstration or theological (metaphysical) argument, archetypal psychology recognizes that psychic reality is inextricably involved with rhetoric (Hillman, Archetypal 19). Northrop frye archetypal criticism - WikiEducator norwegian cruise line dining menus archetypal criticism in othello. Eventually, this leads to Othellos suicide. 1. Between William Shakespeares most expansive and philosophical tragediesHamlet and King Learis Othello, his most constricted and heart-breaking play. Moreover, Shakespeare, by deliberately clouding the issue of Iagos motive, finds ever more sinister threats in such a characters apparently bottomless and unmerited hatred and capacity for evil. Essays may be lightly modified for readability or to protect the anonymity of contributors, but we do not edit essay examples prior to publication. To you, preferring you before her father, Othello as a character of noble blood seems to conform to all these. Iago tries to prove Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio which increases Othello's torments of jealousy. Othello Archetypal Tragic Hero Analysis - 1236 Words | Bartleby In Othello, the plot meets the definition of both Aristotle and Shakespeare on a tragedy. So much I challenge that I may profess (And nope, we don't source our examples from our editing service! Iago's intelligence and wit allows him to make good sport of the protagonists of the play, sending Othello to his doom and that of his family. archetypal criticism definition and examples To learn more, read our. Archetypal Criticism - GetSetNotes The three fundamental qualities of an archetype are: An archetype is a preconscious, instinctual expression of man's basic nature. 1: 4), but he distinguishes his concept and use of the term from that of philosophical idealism as being more empirical and less metaphysical, though most of his empirical data were dreams. Archetypal criticism is a literary approach that analyzes works of literature based on the idea that there are universal, timeless patterns and themes that recur across all cultures and throughout history. Van Meurss bibliography conveys the great variety of Jungian writings on literature even within one language, the increasingly recognized potential for further development and use of Jungs ideas, and the growth in numbers of literary scholars falling under the influence of Jung. Rashness: The play is replete with rash decisions. The archetypal characteris a simple character template recognizable to all readers. Their discourse is conducted in poetic language; that is, their notions of soul-making come from the Romantics, especially William Blake and John Keats. This heuristic distinction was formed, however, solely on psychobiographical grounds: Did the text originate in, and remain principally shaped by, the authors experience of consciousness and the personal unconscious or his or her experience at the level of the archetypal collective unconscious? This explains his fascination with a text like Rider Haggards novel She: The History of an Adventure (1886-87), with its unmediated representation of the anima. As Jung himself noted: Literary products of highly dubious merit are often of the greatest interest to the psychologist (Collected 15:87-88). His final speech mixes together the acknowledgment of what he was and what he has become, who he is and how he would like to be remembered: I have done the state some service, and they knowt. An archetype is universal; it is generated by man's psyche regardless of time of place. The approaches of semiologists, structuralists and deconstructivists . The main ideas of Othello are jealousy and revenge. O, farewell! Desdemona on her deathbed, still defends her Lords actions. Hillman also discovers archetypal precursors in Neoplatonism, Heraclitus, Plotinus, Proclus, Marsilio Ficino, and Giambattista Vico. Desdemona and Othello, therefore, face the usual challenges of the lovers in a Shakespearean comedy who must contend with the forces of authority, custom, and circumstances allied against their union. Othello, unlike the other Shakespearean comedies, adds three more acts to the romantic drama, shifting from comic affirmation to tragic negation. Archetypal Criticism - ResearchGate English Literature: Frye: The Archetypes - Blogger archetypal criticism in othello That's a matter of opinion. In the essay Frye critically analyses literature against the backdrop of rituals and myths. In Act 2, Scene 1 of Othello, Iago formulates his plan to drive Othello mad. Othello makes an error in judgement, which leads to his change in fortune, and later realizes that his actions are what caused said change in fortune. Aristotle believed that the plot is the most important element in a play and that plot also clearly points out the problem of any characters to be solved. After Othello learns of a possible affair between Cassio and Desdemona, at this instance is the turning point in Othellos fortune because it changes his views, attitudes and ultimately his fate. Othello - Study Guide and Literary Analysis Othello is a train wreck that the audience horrifyingly witnesses, helpless to prevent or look away. But Wheelwright, for example, barely mentions Jung (The Burning Fountain, 1954), and he, Fergusson, and others often owe more to Sigmund Freud, Ernest Jones, Oedipus Rex, and the Oedipus complex than to anything taken from Jung. Othello A Christian Moor who has earned a high reputation as a general in the Venetian army and has recently married Desdemona, daughter of the Venetian senator Brabantio. Frazers and Jungs texts formed the basis of two allied but ultimately different courses of influence on literary history. Comparing the amount written about the two plays, people find Hamlet more interesting to discuss. She is not as strong-willed like the other ladies and is Shakespeares example of the archetype of the innocence and has the bases of a flat character. As the pair kneels together, they exchange vows: Iago: Witness you ever-burning lights above, As Hillman puts it, Corbins insight that Jungs mundus archetypalis is also the mundus imaginalis that corresponds to the Islamic alam al-mithl (3) was an early move toward a reappraisal of psychology itself as an activity of poesis (24). (2.1.191-93) Setting the scene. ("Literary Criticism.") Then must you speak Frye frequently acknowledged his debt to Jung, accepted some of Jungs specifically named archetypes persona and anima and counsellor and shadow and referred to his theory as Jungian criticism (Anatomy 291), a practice subsequently followed in some hand books of literary terms and histories of literary criticism, including one edited by Frye himself, which obscured crucial differences and contributed to the confusion in terminology reigning today. The tragedy of Othello is not a fault of a single person, but is rather the consequence of a wide range of feelings, judgments, misjudgments, and attempts for personal justification revealed by the characters. James Hillman, Archetypal Psychology: A Brief Account (1983), Re-Visioning Psychology (1975); C. G. Jung, Collected Works (ed. Archetypal Criticism Archetypal theory and criticism, although often used synonymously with Myth theory and crticism, has a distinct history and process. I know not ift be true; But I, for mere suspicion in that kind, Will do as if for surety (2.1. This article, then, treats the only form of literary theory and criticism consistent with and derived directly from the psychological principles advanced by Jung. In Cinthios story, Alfiero, the scheming ensign, lusts after the Moors wife, named Disdemona, and after she spurns his advances, Alfiero seeks vengeance by accusing her of adultery with Cassio, the Moors lieutenant. Emilia comes into the couples bedroom after Othello smothers Desdemona, but hears Desdemona cry out. Furthermore, they must also have a fatal flaw, that eventually leads to their downfall. Archetypal criticism focuses on such things in a work. His destruction is essentially precipitated by his own actions, as well as by the actions of the characters surrounding him. Both Desdemona and Othello defy by their words and gestures the calumnies heaped upon them by Roderigo and Brabantio and vindicate the imperatives of the heart over parental authority and custom. He has already judged and condemned her, but he is still hunting evidence, seeking to justify to himself the stand he has already taken. Free Essay On The Villain Archetype As Portrayed Through Othello And These patterns include persistent images, figures, and story patterns shared by people across diverse cultures. Shakespeare shifts the action from Venice to Cyprus. In addition, Othello is far from being a perfect character - another quality that meets Aristotle's requirements. The young Venetian noblewoman, Desdemona, has eloped with the middle-aged Othello, the military commander of the armed forces of Venice. The Fables of Identity: Studies in Poetic Mythology is a critical work published in 1963. Frye, however, notably in Anatomy of Criticism, essentially redefined and relocated archetype on grounds that would remove him unequivocally from the ranks of Jungian critics by severing the connection between archetype and depth psychology: This emphasis on impersonal content has been developed by Jung and his school, where the communicability of archetypes is accounted for by a theory of a collective unconsciousan unnecessary hypothesis in literary criticism, so far as I can judge (m-12). 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